Changing Dynamics of Electoral Violence in Bangladesh:

A Comparative Analysis Between the 11th and 12th National Elections at the Two Constituencies

Abstract

This comparative study of electoral violence drawing the case of 11th (2018) and 12th (2024) national parliamentary elections in two constituencies: Barisal-5 and Patuakhali-2 explores the patterns, causes, and consequences of electoral violence using qualitative methods like key informant interviews (KII), focus group discussions (FGD), and content analysis of academic and news articles. The findings of the study identify a shift from the inter-party violence in 2018 provoked by the rivalry between the Awami League (AL) and Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) to intra-party violence within the AL in 2024 triggered by the boycott of elections by BNP. Findings also indicate that though fierce competition fuels electoral violence, the absence of opposition doesn't guarantee peaceful elections. Nomination contests, hegemonic campaign styles, and the use of retaliatory violence are key causes whose victims were inordinately economically disadvantaged and minority citizens. The article emphasizes electoral reforms aimed at institutionally enhancing independence and safeguarding vulnerable groups, and this article contributes to electoral violence literature in polarizing democracies.